Statement

Rome had dominated Italy since the fourth century BCE. In the west only Carthage stood against it; after three Punic Wars it was defeated for good in the second century BCE, and Spain and North Africa came under Roman control. In the east, the Seleucids and Ptolemies also ended up giving way.

References

1. p. 90

   supports · main text · ch. 4

   Efron, Lehmann and Weitzman. The Jews: A History. 3rd edition. New York and Abingdon: Routledge, 2019.

   Verification anchor recorded · checked against the page text